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@abstractmethod make it compulsory for the subclass to implement some specific method

from abc import ABC, abstractmethod

class Vehicle(ABC): # Abstract Base Class
    
    @abstractmethod
    def start_engine(self):
        pass # No implementation here, just a signature

class Car(Vehicle):
    def start_engine(self):
        print("Car engine started! Vroom!")

# Usage
# my_vehicle = Vehicle()  # TypeError: Can't instantiate abstract class
my_car = Car()            # Works perfectly

from __future__ import annotations

it is a feature that changes how type annotations are evaluated. it lets you write type hints without Python immediately trying to evaluate them.

we call ai a dense model when all of the parameters are active and we call space to MoE models